Author: Susan Lin

Categories
reflections

Self-Assessment Essay

Dear Susan,

It’s been a long and productive semester. In your English class, you managed to complete 6 major writing assignments (7 after this one). In these 7 assignments, you were able to meet all 8 of the course learning outcomes:

  •  acknowledge your and others’ range of linguistic differences as resources, and draw on those resources to develop rhetorical sensibility 
  • enhance strategies for reading, drafting, revising, editing, and self-assessment 
  • negotiate your own writing goals and audience expectations regarding conventions of genre, medium, and rhetorical situation 
  • develop and engage in the collaborative and social aspects of writing processes 
  • engage in genre analysis and multimodal composing to explore effective writing across disciplinary contexts and beyond to include public audiences 
  • formulate and articulate a stance through and in your writing 
  • practice using various library resources, online databases, and the Internet to locate sources appropriate to your writing projects 
  • strengthen your source use practices (including evaluating, integrating, quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, synthesizing, analyzing, and citing sources)

The first assignment was the letter of introduction. In this assignment, you introduced yourself, talked a little about my goals for the future, defined what sustainability meant to me, and why I have an interest in my major, biology. With this assignment, I was able to negotiate my own writing goals and audience expectations regarding conventions of genre, medium, and rhetorical situation. I decided to write in a narrative for the paper and I outlined my goals of the course.

The second assignment was the public service announcement project. This project was more collaborative and I got to work with three other classmates. The topic we chose was light pollution on birds. In this assignment, I was able to accomplish multiple of the course learning outcomes. One of the goals I achieved are developing and engaging in the collaborative and social aspects of writing processes because I was able to work together with multiple people and we each contributed our own thoughts to make one assignment. We all had to work together with our unique thoughts and split the work to make our video. Additionally, this project had you acknowledge your and others’ range of linguistic differences as resources, and draw on those resources to develop rhetorical sensibility. The final project had to be on a time limit so we had to decide the best ways to condense our words, but still have enough on the slides for it to be efficient. It was hard to put a little amount on the slides, but still get our message through. A third goal that was reached was to enhance strategies for reading, drafting, revising, editing, and self-assessment. This project required a lot of revision. One of these was presenting to the whole class and getting feedback from a real audience. There were many drafts of this project and at the end, we reflected on what we thought went well on the project. The self-reflection of this project was our third major writing assignment. We went through many assignments to lead to the final project to help us brainstorm our topic and gather research and find an organization supporting our topic. Another goal was using the internet to source and locate readings for this project. The last goal that was reached in this PSA project was engaging in genre analysis and multimodal composing to explore effective writing across disciplinary contexts and beyond to include public audiences. It was easy to write an essay about our topic, but finding ways to make it reach the public audience (CCNY students) was a little harder. 

Our next assignment was the literature review to get us ready for the research paper. This was my first literature review and it was kind of hard. I struggled a lot, especially with looking for my sources. Since my topic was so specific, it was hard to find research supporting exactly what I needed. I actually changed my topic to the one I stuck to (the effects of creatine on human bodies). The first goal I reached in this assignment was formulating and articulating a stance through and in my writing. I had to explain why the topic I chose was important and a bigger issue than it may seem. I had to be persuasive in why further research was needed for my topic. I was also able to practice using various library resources, online databases, and mainly the city college online library. All the sources I had used were from the CCNY database making them more reliable. 

My research proposal was about my plan for what I wanted to do about the use of creatine on our bodies. There were a lot of sources to be used and to make the paper more unique and more for me, I had to practice the last course goal, to strengthen your source use practices. I had to paraphrase and cite evidence from my sources all throughout my paper. I also used hyperlinks and definitions to help my paper reach audiences that are not in the science major and to those who may not understand the vocabulary I was using.

Lastly, I’m am proud of all the work I’ve have done throughout this semester. Every paper and the countless hours spent was worth it. I am proud of all my workpieces and am sad that this semester will be my final English course at City College, but I know this will not be my last paper. I hope to use all the skills I’ve learned in this course, even things I’ve learned about myself, in my future endeavors. I would also like to thank my Professor, Professor Carpenter, for her hard work to help all of us achieve all these learning outcomes. On to the next! 

Best,

Susan Lin

Categories
creatine research

Research Paper

The Potential Link 

Between 

Creatine Supplementation 

and 

Cancer

By: Susan Lin

Department of English

ENGL 21003: Writing for the Sciences (CCNY)

Dr. Lesile Carpenter 

 

Abstract

The use of creatine supplements has been increasing and is gaining popularity among athletes and fitness enthusiasts to enhance their performance and muscle growth. However, there have been many questions raised on whether or not there are negative health effects to taking creatine. This paper will use existing research from the CCNY database to explain how creatine works (Kazak 2020), and to determine if there is a relationship between creatine supplementation and cancer (Wong 2021). There are existing studies on the effect of creatine on rats and whether it boosts their energy (Gale 1971). As well as exploring other health effects (Candow 2023) and proposing a new experiment to study this further.

Introduction – What is Creatine?

Creatine is a molecule that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, specifically in tissues with high energy demands like muscle of brain tissue. Due to it being advertised as performance-enhancing, athletes and fitness enthusiasts who seek improved performance and muscle strength are more likely to take creatine. The marketing for Creatine is targeted to these two groups of people. While many studies have shown the benefits of creatine, there have not been enough studies to show the concerns raised regarding the safety of creatine in our bodies.   

Creatine VS Cancer

Creatine serves as an immediate energy source when performing high levels of physical activity and is mostly stored in skeletal muscles. The metabolism involves phosphorylation to phosphocreatine which significantly impacts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration. While creatine can generally be considered “safe”, creatine has the potential to increase intracellular levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Both of these have been flagged in cancer development (Kazak 2020).

When testing if creatine can speed up the progression of breast cancer in mice, Wong found that mice who were obese had increased concentrations of non-supplied creatine. The exogenously(external) supplied creatine in their diet did not affect the tumor progression suggesting that the cancer cells were not obtained from the intake of creatine, rather it seemed that mice who were obese showed increased expressions of cancer cells like IGF-1 (Wong 2021). They found that obesity induces adipocytes (a cell specialized for the storage of fat) to secrete creatine into the tumor microenvironment, letting it fuel the growth of nearby cancer cells.

Another study was also conducted on mice to see the change of ATP and creatine phosphate storage in the skeletal muscle of rats trained at different sprinting distances, 900 and 7600 ft. The results showed a direct correlation between ATP and creatine phosphate storage. The more creatine phosphate storage was, the more ATP was generated in the mice. Giving them more endurance to run (Gale 1971).   

Creatine VS Other Health Effects

There may be positive health effects to using creatine. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine storage which can help with memory and cognition, especially in older people. Additionally, creatine has been shown to improve things like depression and anxiety. However, it is unknown whether factors like sex and age would react to the use of creatine. (Candow 2023)

Methods

The purpose and goal of my experiment are to determine whether or not creatine can create cancer-inducing cells in humans. We also want to see if there are external factors or reasons why some research has found that cancer cells can be caused by creatine supplementation. Most importantly, we want to determine the long-term effects of taking creatine supplementation.

It would be unethical for us to give people creatine knowing the risk. Instead, we should do a survey to collect a sample of people, athletes, and the fitness community preferred, who already take creatine. Ideally, the sample will have a control person who has the same physical qualities to make sure we limit the effect of external factors such as weight. After collecting a sample of 20 people who take creatine and 20 people who don’t, we would just observe their cells in the long term. Maybe 1-3 years.

External Factors

In order to study external factors, we should also have a group of people with different qualities. Like weight, the amount of creatine they take, how often they take it, or even the amount of physical activity they do daily. We also have to consider age, gender, and diet in the study. 

Results

The results of each study are inconsistent. While some find that creatine can induce and promote cancer-growing cells, others find that there is not a direct link between cancer and the use of creatine supplementation and suggest that there may be external factors to the growth of cancer cells such as obesity or a higher body percentage of fat. The only thing consistently showing up is that creatine does boost energy levels as it increases ATP regeneration. However, there are very few studies that show the effect of creatine on humans. A lot of the evidence on whether there is or is not a link between creatine supplementation and cancer has been based on mice which does not reassemble what happens in humans. I hope to find that there is no direct connection between creatine and cancer, rather that people with certain characteristics and groups should not take creatine.

Conclusion

Overall, to determine if there is a possible link between creatine supplementation and cancer, we would have to conduct further research as the existing research provides us with limited research. While some researchers say that there is no harm in using creatine, others say the opposite and that there is harm in creatine. A lot of articles have contradicting findings in their experiments. Additionally, most of these experiments were tested on animals. Until we have more information on creatine and its link with cancer and even other health risks, individuals taking creatine should consider the potential risks and consult their healthcare providers on the safety of consuming creatine. 

Safety Precautions

Although there are concerns about the safety of creatine supplementation, it is safe to consume in small amounts in the short term. However, there is yet to be enough evidence of the potential dangers of having creatine in high doses and long term.

References

Balsom, P.D., Söderlund, K. & Ekblom, B. Creatine in Humans with Special Reference to Creatine Supplementation. Sports Med 18, 268–280 (1994). 

Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Ostojic, S.M. et al. “Heads Up” for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 53 (Suppl 1), 49–65 (2023). https://doi-org.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9

Kazak, L., Cohen, P. Creatine metabolism: energy homeostasis, immunity and cancer biology. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16, 421–436 (2020). https://doi-org.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/10.1038/s41574-020-0365-5 

Wei Wong, A cancerous connection for creatine.Sci. Signal.14,eabi7099(2021).DOI:10.1126/scisignal.abi7099 

Categories
creatine research

Literature Review

The Potential Link Between Creatine Supplementation and Cancer 

Abstract

The use of creatine supplements has been increasing and is gaining popularity among athletes and fitness enthusiasts to enhance their performance and muscle growth. However, there have been many questions raised on whether or not there are negative health effects to taking creatine. This paper will use existing research from the CCNY database to explain how creatine works (Kazak 2020), and to determine if there is a relationship between creatine supplementation and cancer (Wong 2021). There are existing studies on the effect of creatine on rats and whether it boosts their energy (Gale 1971).

Introduction: What is Creatine?

Creatine is a molecule that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, specifically in tissues with high energy demands like muscle of brain tissue. Due to it being advertised as performance-enhancing, athletes and fitness enthusiasts who seek improved performance and muscle strength are more likely to take creatine. The marketing for Creatine is targeted to these two groups of people. While many studies have shown the benefits of creatine, there have not been enough studies to show the concerns raised regarding the safety of creatine in our bodies.   

Creatine VS Cancer

Creatine serves as an immediate energy source when performing high levels of physical activity and is mostly stored in skeletal muscles. The metabolism involves phosphorylation to phosphocreatine which significantly impacts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration. While creatine can generally be considered “safe”, creatine has the potential to increase intracellular levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin-like growth fact-1 (IGF-1). Both of these have been flagged in cancer development (Kazak 2020).

When testing if creatine can speed up the progression of breast cancer in mice, Wong found that mice who were obese had increased concentrations of non-supplied creatine. The exogenously(external) supplied creatine in their diet did not affect the tumor progression suggesting that the cancer cells were not obtained from the intake of creatine, rather it seemed that mice who were obese showed increased expressions of cancer cells like IGF-1 (Wong 2021). They found that obesity induces adipocytes (a cell specialized for the storage of fat) to secrete creatine into the tumor microenvironment, letting it fuel the growth of nearby cancer cells.

Another study was also conducted on mice to see the change of ATP and creatine phosphate storage in the skeletal muscle of rats trained at different sprinting distances, 900 and 7600 ft. The results showed a direct correlation between ATP and creatine phosphate storage. The more creatine phosphate storage was, the more ATP was generated in the mice. Giving them more endurance to run (Gale 1971).   

Results

The results of each study are inconsistent. While some find that creatine can induce and promote cancer-growing cells, others find that there is not a direct link between cancer and the use of creatine supplementation and suggests that there may be external factors to the growth of cancer cells such as obesity or a higher body percentage of fat. The only thing consistently showing up is that creatine does boost energy levels as it increases ATP regeneration. However, there are very few studies that show the effect of creatine on humans. A lot of the evidence on whether there is or is not a link between creatine supplementation and cancer has been based on mice which does not reassemble what happens in humans.

Conclusion

Overall, to determine if there is a possible link between creatine supplementation and cancer, we would have to conduct further research as the existing research provides us with limited research. While some researchers say that there is no harm in using creatine, others say the opposite and that there is harm in creatine. A lot of articles have contradicting findings in their experiments. Additionally, most of these experiments were tested on animals. Until we have more information on creatine and its link with cancer and even other health risks, individuals taking creatine should consider the potential risks and consult their healthcare providers on the safety of consuming creatine. 

Safety Precautions

Although there are concerns about the safety of creatine supplementation, it is safe to consume in small amounts in the short term. However, there is yet to be enough evidence of the potential dangers of having creatine in high doses and long term.

References

Balsom, P.D., Söderlund, K. & Ekblom, B. Creatine in Humans with Special Reference to Creatine Supplementation. Sports Med 18, 268–280 (1994). https://doi-org.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/10.2165/00007256-199418040-00005 

Kazak, L., Cohen, P. Creatine metabolism: energy homeostasis, immunity and cancer biology. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16, 421–436 (2020). https://doi-org.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/10.1038/s41574-020-0365-5 

Wei Wong, A cancerous connection for creatine.Sci. Signal.14,eabi7099(2021).DOI:10.1126/scisignal.abi7099 

Categories
public service announcement project

Sustainability Position Paper

Have a Safe Flight!

The Harm of Artificial Lights on Migrating Birds

              SciTechDaily, 7 Dec. 2023, scitechdaily.com/1000-birds-perish-in-chicago-collision-catastrophe-light-pollutions-deadly-impact-on-migrating-birds/. 

By: Susan Lin

Department of English

ENGL 21003: Writing for the Sciences (CCNY)

Dr. Lesile Carpenter 

Abstract

Every year, an estimated 1 billion birds in the United States are affected by artificial lights (Burt 2). These artificial lights, created by people, are causing migrating birds to collide with buildings and infrastructures as the use of artificial light has been increasing worldwide. Oftentimes, the artificial lights during the night are pointed upwards, towards the sky, which creates an excessive amount of light. Almost all the birds in North America migrate during the spring and fall seasons, and of those that do migrate, 70% of them travel at night. Birds can be attracted to these lights as far as 5 kilometers away as they mistake it for the moon or stars. Because of this, birds collide into the lit objects causing them to suffer from fatal injuries or even end up in the wrong place. There are programs such as the Lights Out Program by the National Audubon Society that try to help decrease the use of artificial light at night. 

Thesis

The Clean Energy and Environmental Protection Plan should provide funding to the National Audubon Society because they have a lights-out program to try to decrease artificial lights’ effect on migrating birds throughout North America. In order to prevent birds from colliding with buildings and infrastructures, the Clean Energy and Environmental Protection Plan should help promote the Lights Out Program to help provide more sustainable options for artificial lights, ways to help birds have a safe migration, and so that they have the resources to spread awareness in our own communities.

Effect of Artificial Lights in New York

Many species of birds rely on constellations to help them migrate from one place to another so having artificial light may be distracting for these birds as they are not able to differentiate lights from constellations. Especially in New York, we have such high skyscrapers and buildings that also disrupt the paths of the birds. Although the lights distract the birds, more of the bird fatalities are from the amount of energy birds waste flying around in confusion leading them to exhaustion and making them vulnerable to other animals. (Audubon 2)

In 2022, the New York State agencies announced “two initiatives designed to protect and foster increased appreciation for birds – a new ‘Lights Out’ initiative to help protect migrating birds as they navigate night skies.” (Wernick 1) Although New York has created plans to help migrating birds, we do not see a significant impact throughout our day-to-day lives. This may be due to the lack of awareness and funding in the community. When looking on the Nation Audubon Society’s website, it does not mention any funding from any big companies. However, there are links for people who bypass to donate money. It is unlikely that people will be donating money if they do not see the value of the project. This is where the Clean Energy and Environmental Protection Plan comes in, with their help, the National Audubon Society can buy ads and more campaigns to spread awareness of the issue and inform people how important this topic is. Most people are aware of issues like climate change, but less of the impact of artificial lights on birds. By giving programs like these more funding, they can host events in communities and even visit schools to talk about their purpose and goals for the program.

Why Does it Matter?

Some may argue that this problem is not relevant as we are not affected by the birds. However, they are wrong. Every year, as these birds collide with objects and suffer fatal injuries, some of these birds get closer and closer to extinction. Species like the Allen’s Hummingbirds, Wood Thrush, and Golden-winged Warbler are endangered species and we should be doing our best to protect them before it is too late. Once these birds go extinct, we will never be able to bring them back for future generations to enjoy. (DiLonardo 3) The picture on the left is an Allen Hummingbird found by rescue dogs after colliding with a building. Additionally, migrating birds help with the ecosystem as they bring things with them as they travel, such as pollen helping new species grow and is important to biodiversity. 

Solutions

There are simple solutions to help decrease the death of birds each year. Some of these solutions are shutting down just half of the lights, limiting lights to only necessary times, using blinds or curtains, pointing lights downwards, or even using a different color tone of light. (Behera 4) By simply just turning off your lights when it isn’t needed, you are already decreasing the amount of bird collisions by 11 times. However, with the funding provided by the Clean Energy and Environmental Protection Plan, programs can help build more automated and censored lights as people tend to forget to turn off the lights. These automated lights would be able to adjust the tone of the lights and turn them off when it does not sense any movement in a room. In the long term, it would benefit the environment too as you’ll be saving more energy which can help with climate change.

Review

In summary, the amount of bird collisions has skyrocketed leading to over a billion bird deaths in the United States. This puts bird species in danger of extinction. If the Clean Energy and Environmental Protection Plan helps provide more funding to programs like Lights Out, they can help build more sustainable light options and spread awareness of this issue which in the long run would be multiple benefits such as helping climate change. If you want future generations to see birds like the Allen’s Hummingbird, please look into the ways you can decrease your effect of lights on birds and act now.

References

Burt, Carolyn S., and Kyle Horton. “How Light Pollution Can Imperil Migrating Birds by Luring Them into Cities.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 17 Dec. 2023, www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-light-pollution-can-imperil-migrating-birds-by-luring-them-into-cities#:~:text=But%20it%20makes%20most%20migratory,year%20from%20collisions%20with%20buildings.

DiLonardo, Mary Jo. “How Turning off Half a Building’s Lights Saves Birds.” Treehugger, Treehugger, 8 June 2021, www.treehugger.com/turning-off-half-building-lights-saves-birds-5188215.

“How Important Are Migratory Birds in an Era of Climate Change.” Down To Earth, www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/how-important-are-migratory-birds-in-an-era-of-climate-change-75588#:~:text=Importance%20of%20migratory%20birds&text=Migratory%20birds%20help%20in%20dispersal,and%20act%20as%20organic%20fertilizers. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024.

National Audubon Society. “Lights out Program.” Lights Out Program, 11 Jan. 2024, www.audubon.org/our-work/cities-and-towns/lights-out.

U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. “Threats to Birds: Collisions – Nighttime Lighting: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 6 Dec. 2022, www.fws.gov/story/threats-birds-collisions-nighttime-lighting.

University, Colorado State. “1,000 Birds Perish in Chicago Collision Catastrophe: Light Pollution’s Deadly Impact on Migrating Birds.” SciTechDaily, 7 Dec. 2023, scitechdaily.com/1000-birds-perish-in-chicago-collision-catastrophe-light-pollutions-deadly-impact-on-migrating-birds/.

Wernick, Jeff. “‘Lights Out’ Initiative Launched in New York to Protect Migrating Birds.” Department of Environmental Conservation, dec.ny.gov/news/press-releases/2022/5/lights-out-initiative-launched-in-new-york-to-protect-migrating-birds. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024. 

Categories
public service announcement project reflections

PSA Reflection

I feel like the brainstorming process was one of the highlights of our project. We wanted to choose a topic that we were able to research on and find things to support our PSA. When we were brainstorming, it was like an omg moment, yeah that’s a good idea because we all just kept coming up with new ideas so it was fun to just talk our project out first. We all agreed to do research and find all the articles at home on our own time as it was easier for us to work on the actual project when we were in class together and just share our findings. We also had to figure out who had the best Canva skill, which was Julie so she animated a slide with the bird. Lia was also able to get Canva Premium by using a free trial so it gave us more access to Canva.

I learned the effect lights have on birds and their migration. I did not think about it until I googled lights out projects and they were the main thing popping up. Before I used to think about lights out like just saving energy for the environment. Not once did I think of birds. We also found a lot of organizations that focus on this topic and even volunteer opportunities.

I do believe a public service announcement is better than an essay. Essays are sometimes too long and wordy so people do not read them because it may bore them. However, with the PSA we were able to add animations, effects, and pictures to make sure we keep the audience’s attention throughout the whole slide show. People are more likely to remember our PSA if they enjoyed it or if it just had colors and pictures. I think this is an example of show and not tell because, through our animation of the bird, we were able to show the effect of light on birds instead of just telling the audience that.

My favorite part was how we all just had new ideas and we all just came together to create our slide. Throughout the day, someone would just text that they have a new idea and it was just fun because, at a random 1:31 pm, someone would have thought of something new. My least favorite part was trying to find time out of class where everyone was free. We all had such different schedules so it was hard to find time to meet out of class, we fixed this problem by just deciding to do independent research when we were not together.

I don’t know if I have anything for improvement except maybe the time of the PSA. It’s hard to get so much information in just 30 seconds, but I also understand the time constraints.

Categories
public service announcement project

PSA Project

This project is about the effect of lights on the migration of birdies

Categories
reflections

Letter of Introduction

Dear Dr. Carpenter,

My intended major is biology with the hopes of going to Medical School after undergrad. I am still open to most of the specialties in the medical field as a career, but my top option right now is to become an anesthesiologist. I’ve always been attracted to the STEM field more than humanities and liberal arts. Something about being able to find just 1 solution or answer to a question or topic just appeals to me. I’m not a fan of writing because there is too much freedom sometimes and I don’t think I am a good writer. I don’t hate writing, but if given the choice between STEM or writing, I would choose STEM in a heartbeat. I think this is due to my struggles to learn English growing up in a non-English speaking household. 

I’ve never really considered science writing as “writing”, but looking at it now, I have been doing so much writing without realizing it. I don’t consider science writing more difficult. It just contains vocabulary that we typically don’t see in our English or history papers. I also think when you enjoy doing something more, it becomes easier because it feels more like a pleasant task rather than an assignment you have no choice to do. In order to decipher science texts, I don’t think it specifically requires a higher level of education. I think it just requires a certain type of education. For example, people with a bachelor’s degree in English and then people with a bachelor’s degree in Science have an equal level of education in terms of education in general (4 years of undergrad). But each of these people will have knowledge in their selected field.

When the COVID vaccine came out, I was intrigued and watched videos on the process of creating vaccines. When talking to my mom, she asked how they were created and I wasn’t able to use words like “antigens” because she’s never taken a science course in the US so I had to use simpler words like “take COVID and make weak so our body can create natural protection” instead of “weaken the COVID virus to be injected into people so that our bodies can build immunity and a barrier to a stronger version of it”. If I had to speak in my community about science issues, I would speak in simpler terms like if I was talking to a young child. I would avoid complicated words like names and just describe what they do instead. Ex, mitochondria -> powerhouse of cells.

Something that I struggle with is knowing the balance between being formal vs more conversational in my writing/speech. In papers I would be using harder terms because the reader can easily google the definition, but in speeches I sometimes don’t take my audience into consideration and it can make the speeches boring because they may have zero clue what I’m talking about. My goal is just to be more conversational and write in a way I would pay attention to.

I think SAE actually makes science less accessible to the general public because there is a smaller percentage of people in the general public that actually speak the “standard” English compared to all the other versions of English due to the large amount of cultural mixes. 

Sustainability to me means being able to maintain something in the long run instead of something that is just easier access and cheaper. Sustainability would be the balance between long term wear, cost, and efficiency.